Journal of Design and Built Environment

Corrigendum to “Expression of Architectural Form of Buoyant Montessori School Kupang” [J. Des. Built Environ. 24(2) (2024)]

Reginaldo Christophori Lake — 2025-08-29

The authors regret that there were errors in in Fig. 4 and 5 of the printed version of the above article. Thus, Fig. 4 and 5 needs corrections. The authors would like to clarify that those corrections do not affect any discussions, results, and conclusions exhibited in the rest of the original article. The correct and final version follows. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. Corrigendum Fig. 4: The corrected figure is shown as below.

Artificial Intelligence in Urban Planning: Co-Word Analysis for Emerging Topics

Sinem Becerik Altındiş — 2025-08-29

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a discussed topic across various disciplines. In this context, studies focusing on AI in urban and regional planning come to the fore. The aim of this study is to identify the research trends related to AI in urban planning with its integration. The research is guided by three questions: i. What are the prevailing themes of AI in urban planning? ii. How does AI integrate into these themes? and iii. When do these themes become prominent? For this purpose, the study conducts a bibliometric analysis approach, specifically co-word analysis, to reveal trends and forecast areas in the field of social science and environmental science. The study analyzes all open access publications retrieved from SCOPUS database between 2000 and 2024. The main themes that emerged from the analysis are machine learning, smart cities and decision support systems, while sub-themes are deep learning, neural network, computer vision, sustainability, resilience and climate change. As a result, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the topics by identifying prevailing themes, how integrated AI in urban planning, temporal trends, and emerging key areas for future research.

Exploring Courtyards as Climate Responsive Solutions in Vernacular Architecture

Pablo Rodriguez Sanchez — 2025-08-29

A courtyard typically refers to an open space enclosed by the walls of a house or a group of houses. Throughout history, courtyards have been an integral element in many distinct styles of architecture and cultures. In most of the regions, courtyards are essential component of the overall architectural style of vernacular homes. Courtyards can have a variety of uses, depending on the local and cultural environment. They can be utilised for family activities, parties, gardening, or just as a peaceful place to unwind. The study highlights the courtyard's role as a climate friendly feature and as an essential attribute for social interaction. The study has been conducted by analysing the courtyards of vernacular houses at three different latitudes representing different climates. A case study methodological research approach has been adopted to generate an in-depth understanding of application of ‘courtyard’ in vernacular architecture. Examples from tropical and temperate zones are specifically included in the study. These zones are located at latitudes 6.1603° S, 26.9124° N, and 37.8882° N, and they reflect different climate types. Over the period, designers have ignored the scientific relevance of courtyards. Article demonstrates the climatic & cultural relevance of courtyard so that it can be adopted in contemporary times. A case study methodological research approach has been adopted. Comparative Analysis of Courtyards at identified latitudes have been conducted. By computing the values of P/A ratio, aspect ratio, degree of sky exposure from the courtyard and wall height of adjoining surfaces of courtyards at identified latitudes, study has demonstrated the relevance of courtyards w.r.t the climatic conditions of place. The study has been carried out in various stages from understanding of climatic characteristics of three different latitudes and then analysing climatic significance of courtyards with the help of solar chart. The findings of research demonstrate the best possible orientation of courtyard buildings with respect to sun & prevailing wind and the most preferred proportion of void (courtyard) to solid (the building).

Investigating the Impact of Environmental Noise, Humidity and Surface Treatment on Mosque Acoustic Performance in Makassar, Indonesia

Asniawaty Kusno — 2025-08-29

Mosques serve as significant social venues where acoustic quality is paramount for enhancing speech intelligibility during prayers, sermons, and recitations. In contrast to performing venues, mosque acoustics necessitate a precise balance between reverberation for spiritual ambience and clarity for effective speech. However, in mosque architecture, acoustic considerations tend to be overlooked in the initial phases of architectural development. This study seeks to examine the impact of environmental noise, relative humidity, and surface treatments on the acoustic performance of two mosques in Makassar, Indonesia, namely the Mosque A and the Mosque B. The measurement of background noise levels (BN), reverberation time (RT), speech transmission index (STI), and sound pressure level (SPL) distribution was conducted through field measurement. The influence of different relative humidity levels and several surface treatment designs on essential parameters was conducted through acoustic simulation using ODEON room acoustic software. The findings indicated that both mosques displayed elevated background noise levels, primarily resulting from mechanical ventilation systems and traffic on nearby main roads. In both instances, RT measures are beyond recognised acoustic standards, suggesting acoustic conditions that could jeopardise speech intelligibility and comfort. Simulation analyses indicated that relative humidity profoundly affected RT, especially in the higher frequency ranges, while showing little effect on the STI and SPL distribution. The simultaneous use of wall and ceiling absorptive materials yielded the most substantial enhancements in acoustic performance, highlighting the significance of an integrated materials approach in mosque design.

Urban Modernity and Spatial Transformation: The Evolution of Lyallpur to Faisalabad

Shifa Rasul Khwaja — 2025-08-29

In contemporary urban studies, there remains significant untapped potential to address the complexities of urban modernity through the lens of spatial transformation. Early scholarship, particularly grounded in post-colonial theory, has explored the relationship between cities and modernity by accounting for uneven geographical and historical trajectories. Building on this foundation, the present study investigates the urbanization process of Lyallpur now known as Faisalabad in Pakistan across three distinct eras. The objective is to critically examine how growth patterns have shaped the city’s spatial hierarchy and altered the dynamics of urban life. By tracing the city’s transformation through socio-economic and political lenses, this research aims to unpack the underlying forces that have driven its evolving urban form. The study posits that urban modernity in Faisalabad is best understood not as a linear progression, but as a contextually embedded process shaped by local conditions and contested narratives. Findings indicate that two key aspects have been largely overlooked in conventional urban planning: the role of contextual transformation and the profound influence of spatial formation on the city’s development. This underscores the inadequacy of universalized planning frameworks and highlights the need for strategies that respond to the specific urban experiences of cities like Faisalabad. To this end, the study presents two critical observations. First, there is a pressing need to develop new conceptual frameworks to guide context-sensitive urbanization. Second, revitalizing spatial transformation alongside socio-economic development is essential for fostering sustainable and inclusive urban futures in Pakistan. Through this case study, the paper calls for a reorientation of urban policy, one that is grounded in the lived realities and historical trajectories of post-colonial cities.

Typological Analysis of Commercialization-Induced Spatial Transformations in Traditional Balinese Houses

I Dewa Gede Putra — 2025-08-29

As Bali’s tourism economy intensifies, Traditional Balinese Houses (TBHs) are increasingly transformed for commercial functions. While their symbolic and cultural roles have been widely studied, fewer investigations focus on how commercialization alters their spatial organization and disrupts Balinese spatial principles such as Tri Hita Karana, Tri Mandala, Sanga Mandala, and the Kaja–Kelod axis. This study examines five TBHs in Ubud using a triangulated methodology combining micro-scale spatial mapping, in-depth interviews with residents and stakeholders, and regulatory analysis. Findings identify three dominant transformation patterns: spatial conversion, spatial reconfiguration, and vertical extension. Hospitality-driven commercialization often triggers vertical growth, while retail and food-related uses drive the repurposing of communal and profane zones. Although sacred zones like the merajan remain intact, these adaptations increasingly blur traditional zoning hierarchies. The study reveals a governance gap: while Bali Provincial Regulation No. 5 of 2005 promotes traditional identity, it offers limited guidance for hybrid or tourism-modified dwellings. Informal customary systems, such as Asta Kosala-Kosali, often serve as substitutes but lack institutional support. This research contributes to vernacular resilience discourse by highlighting how TBH transformations are shaped by overlapping systems of tradition, economy, and regulation, calling for more responsive planning tools that support culturally rooted adaptation.

Integration Model of Sustainable Urban Architectural Elements: Evidence from Boulevard II in Coastal Manado, Indonesia

Hendrik Suriandjo — 2025-08-29

The development of road infrastructure in coastal areas plays a crucial role in improving connectivity, fostering economic growth, and reshaping the city's spatial structure. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Boulevard II development in Manado on the transformation of sustainable coastal urban architectural elements. Boulevard II is a coastal highway as part of the transportation infrastructure on the north coast of Manado City. The method used is a quantitative approach with multivariate analysis using SEM-PLS. Data were collected through observations and a survey of 100 respondents. The results showed that the Boulevard II development significantly affected the city's architectural elements, with a T-statistic value of 4.141 and a P-value of 0.000. Specifically, the greatest impact was observed in the socio-spatial aspect (Cronbach's alpha = 0.930; AVE = 0.707), followed by the socio-cultural (Cronbach's alpha = 0.936; AVE = 0.662) and socio-economic aspects (Cronbach's alpha = 0.870; AVE = 0.606). The development improved accessibility, changed land use by 27%, and increased trade and service activities by 101%. The conclusion of this study confirms the importance of an integrative approach in planning the coastal urban architectural elements, considering socio-cultural, socio-spatial, and socio-economic aspects to optimize sustainable coastal city infrastructure development.